Ancient Egypt
Flourishing along the Nile River, Ancient Egypt is known for its pyramids, pharaohs, hieroglyphics, and advanced knowledge in medicine and architecture.
Mesopotamia
Often called the “Cradle of Civilization,” Mesopotamia introduced writing, law codes, and urban development in the Fertile Crescent.
Ancient China
From the Shang to Han dynasties, China developed silk, paper, and the Great Wall, deeply influencing East Asian culture and philosophy.
Indus Valley
Located in present-day Pakistan and India, this urban society was known for grid-planned cities, drainage systems, and trade networks.
Ancient Greece
Famed for philosophy, democracy, and the arts, Greek civilization laid the foundation for Western political and intellectual thought.
Roman Empire
Spanning Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, Rome influenced law, engineering, and governance, leaving a powerful legacy still felt today.
Maya Civilization
The Maya built sophisticated cities, calendars, and pyramids in Central America, achieving advanced astronomy and mathematics.
Inca Empire
Centered in the Andes Mountains, the Incas built vast road networks and stone cities like Machu Picchu, ruling a large South American empire.
Ottoman Empire
Emerging in the 13th century, the Ottomans ruled much of Southeast Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East for over 600 years.
British Empire
The largest empire in history, Britain’s influence extended across continents, impacting global politics, language, industry, and trade.