Trojan War
Legendary conflict between the Greeks and Trojans, famously detailed in Homer’s *Iliad*, blending myth and history.
Greco-Persian Wars
5th-century BCE wars where Greek city-states resisted the Persian Empire, preserving Western cultural independence.
Peloponnesian War
Internal Greek conflict between Athens and Sparta that weakened the region and shifted power balances.
Punic Wars
Three major conflicts between Rome and Carthage, leading to Roman dominance over the western Mediterranean.
Hundred Years’ War
Prolonged struggle (1337–1453) between England and France, marked by Joan of Arc and shifting dynasties.
Napoleonic Wars
European wars led by Napoleon Bonaparte, reshaping continental boundaries and modern military tactics.
American Civil War
Conflict (1861–1865) between the Union and Confederacy over slavery, state rights, and national unity in the U.S.
World War I
The “Great War” (1914–1918) involved global empires and trench warfare, ending with the Treaty of Versailles.
World War II
A global war (1939–1945) involving Axis and Allied powers, resulting in the Holocaust, atomic bomb, and a redefined world order.
Vietnam War
Cold War-era conflict between communist North Vietnam and U.S.-backed South Vietnam; a major turning point in American foreign policy.
Cold War
Decades-long geopolitical tension (1947–1991) between the U.S. and USSR, marked by proxy wars and nuclear standoff.
Russia-Ukraine War
Ongoing conflict beginning in 2022 with Russia’s full-scale invasion, reshaping European security and global alliances.